epstein-birthday-book-science

HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000177 atl is A DO ger wrong Cou neisa roms, bes Go Greer cwrlosly ant Shop ticissa. (Puotiss frend ivi sumy fo JAF A ce gre Goo Vo Sletradele Hp sree cyt . Ye oer. Fist; (oir Lndil? Kary J : 1 Gorbitede 1S nish Ho SH io D2 fore bese cop cone 5 au Hicvesy Hopf aver rol Goon ceioniy, ou ya Goes hoffe un Kir whe Geico His out higperd, Leriiy, er fost Pursue, will, 5B Avcrid cod Howied od 2, Ml rs, ia) face Lore. yn ssn Soret; gomacs af 2 ol iF, concent] A oid prcr pas “Ths Yoo, / oe ar Thee, Lernordo gz" Voice hon ass fom tsicte, Sapa f water Losea ily ferty aed br Sri Coeiess tats cviniteon 5 07 te rien” I rll AA is rd ds Cowmar i. fro Toe of <0 ical boston Sosy su 7 7 ose of ce 02 eid aloes! ir Tes 4 alms Guu FHe pochets claosge zs of Quis he «ppocioh ofiet a change, but int i all thew 1: K pay «Bret mised] Gore 4 ave 7 ct, fens Cpt Vell] have ahoson hoo vo fod HF Hu 10, feliiski tas ave toe bicpprs 8] gown, bods, duct tit sven ho Le] i bor Pobre ” HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000178 WAPPY BIRTHDAY tt re [ ® } Lin MANY HAPPY RETURNS ds 2 VO wy LY: | D4 \ adn ii MAR Guile bo the Glory HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000180 Troe? w=) m = E/.2 7) Damn | Con [1 wan. Tier pe we Can neeckve Bhs oventially, bot . y) 2 SD plea ut wal pb Foboe Alo oot fo ASN am ay, 50, tay heat, Ba) Loneh / " Have the happreat Deli. (ky ast’) Prosthet yr, The mathematics of life Martin Nowak Epstein Institute, Harvard University “The primordial soup, here or elsewhere, generated a quasispecies of aperiodic macromolecules. Quasispecies live in sequence space, which is a collection of hyper- dimensional cubes. Each cube arises by ordering all _ : possible sequences of a certain length in such a way that nearest neighbors differ in only one position. The length of the genome determines the dimension of the cube. A very small gene, for example, lives in a 1000 dimensional cube. Its sequence is 1 particular choice out of 10% possibilities. For comparison there are only 10% protons in our universe. Quasispecies live in sequence space 28 L= 4 dimensions 'e % 0000 Retroviruses: 210000 Bateia L=1000000 Humans:L=3000000000 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000182 [— - 2 Diversi —— N >nlogn 2 Md Co Yi L$ 0 la? 4 pla fs Filly) = 22 0Npia; + pit) ww a Probability of escape RB. \ pega jo a I. ) ou P=ec ! orf tes LN § —_— — & te AE ain EC LT a a An alphabet is a finite list of symbols. Sentences are strings of symbols. A language is a set of sentences. A finite language has a finito number of sentences. An infinite language has an infinite number of sentences. There are infinitely many finite languages. Human languages are infinite. A grammar is a finite list of rules that generates a language. Grammars ‘are equivalent to computers. Finite state grammars generate regular nde which are accepted by fine sate machines. Phrase structure grammars give rise to computable languages which are Turing complete. For each such language there exists a Turing machine that accepts every. sentence that is part of the language, but may compute: forever on sentences that do not belong the language. “The language of mathematics is not computable. Learning is selection among a restricted set of hypothocoe. Ambilious learners exceed their teachers. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000183 Fitness landscape RR Si adeaspue| uoielnn The Quasispecies equation Origin of life = = Viruses i 7 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000184 ausispeces gibi ©. Replicators once their fitness is frequency dependent. — aay t 4 Ish The conquest of ud E Replicator equation £ k 3 E a E 5 E BE o£ ge ee QF § T f=Xex ¢=X/% EQ xa a = 0 E Win stay lose shift E Generous tit for tat Tit for tat 12i092-8 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000185 And the one truly interesting thing that happened in the last 500 million years was Language Lang uage Quasispecies equation _t constant fitness ES... io / 74 Replicator equation 3 * ee raion HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000186 seLeDenLs. Jeffrey E. coms A ]IT 3 = pir flo EL Soke] | L SR asians V4 THE OUTER WORLD Fi There are six billion intellects on Earth, but this is the quickest one I’ve met (aside from Isaac Asimov); he sees things differently from all the rest, asks questions that no one else ever asked, and suggests answers that no one would ever expect. [@) Mm JN ( {1 NA [tn anaes " I I: Ia, [dae Ha ‘I / HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000187 Happy Je teey 111! Vl Va | f a C/O — Z 30 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_000190 J La ATI 2S TEN Iq & £ 4 YZ 2 ie MON) = es ON AL (REN SRReete Tl ) Bo a a gl Ge = —— Ey w—" ————— — 4 f= POR ads co Sey CD) RTT ee Lapp BEG; tac pm 9 - - 5 o gro & ’ Jy i" £ ee a dt v 1 hi Yoh J 4 i, 7: : ro Ee ae Eq